@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:wght@400;450;500;550;600;650;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap');

:root{color-scheme:dark;--bg:#0a0c10;--surface:#101419;--surface2:#151b21;--text:#ecece8;--muted:#9b9fa5;--line:#292e35;--orange:#f5a078;--orange-hot:#ef7443;--mono:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;--sans:'DM Sans',Arial,sans-serif;--page:clamp(24px,5.3vw,100px)}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:90px}body{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);font-family:var(--sans);font-size:16px;line-height:1.65;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}::selection{background:var(--orange);color:var(--bg)}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}button,select{font:inherit}button,a,select,summary{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}button{cursor:pointer}button:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,select:focus-visible,[tabindex]:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--orange);outline-offset:6px}p{margin:0 0 1.2em}h1,h2,h3,h4{margin:0;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.055em;line-height:1.08}em{font-style:normal;color:var(--orange)}h2{font-size:clamp(36px,4.6vw,76px)}h3{font-size:clamp(25px,3vw,46px)}small,.caption{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}code,pre{font-family:var(--mono)}[hidden]{display:none!important}.mono{font-family:var(--mono)}.skip{position:fixed;left:20px;top:-100px;z-index:100;background:var(--orange);color:var(--bg);padding:10px 20px}.skip:focus{top:20px}.reading-progress{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:2px;width:0;background:var(--orange);z-index:50;box-shadow:0 0 12px #f5a07866}.header{height:86px;padding:0 var(--page);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff12;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:20;background:#0a0c10ed;backdrop-filter:blur(16px)}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-weight:700;font-size:21px;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:1}.brand svg{width:23px;height:29px;stroke:var(--orange);stroke-width:1.6;fill:none}.brand-dot{color:var(--orange);margin-left:-9px}.header nav{display:flex;gap:31px;font-size:13px;color:#bec1c5}.header nav a{position:relative}.header nav a::after{content:'';height:1px;background:var(--orange);position:absolute;bottom:-8px;left:0;right:100%;transition:right .2s}.header nav a:hover::after,.header nav a.active::after{right:0}.nav-paper{font-size:13px;border:1px solid #60636a;padding:9px 17px;display:flex;gap:26px;align-items:center}.nav-paper:hover{border-color:var(--orange);color:var(--orange)}.hero{padding:30px var(--page) 0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;isolation:isolate}.hero-grid{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(#6876830c 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,#6876830c 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:100px 100px;mask-image:linear-gradient(transparent,#000 30%,#000 75%,transparent);z-index:-1}.hero::before{content:'';position:absolute;width:70vw;height:65vw;right:-25vw;top:0;background:radial-gradient(ellipse,#8052351c,transparent 65%);z-index:-1}.hero-topline,.section-kicker{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;color:#b7bec6}.hero-topline>span:first-child{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center}.hero-topline i{height:5px;width:5px;background:var(--orange);border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 0 10px #f5a07888}.hero-topline b{font-weight:400;color:#68707b;margin:0 11px}.hero h1{font-size:clamp(90px,19.1vw,330px);font-weight:550;letter-spacing:-.085em;line-height:1.03;margin:30px 0 5px;position:relative;z-index:1}.title-period{color:var(--orange)}.hero-bottom{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.92fr 1.08fr;align-items:center;min-height:380px;margin-top:-18px}.hero-copy{padding:30px 0 60px;position:relative;z-index:2}.eyebrow{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:10px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--muted);display:block}.hero-copy .eyebrow{font-size:14px;color:var(--orange);letter-spacing:1px;margin-bottom:25px}.hero h2{font-size:clamp(28px,3.05vw,48px);letter-spacing:-.04em;line-height:1.14}.hero-copy>p:not(.eyebrow){max-width:440px;color:#c2c7ce;font-size:17px;line-height:1.8;margin-top:22px}.hero-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:28px;margin-top:29px}.button{display:inline-flex;gap:30px;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;font-size:13px;line-height:1.4;padding:16px 23px;transition:background .2s,transform .2s;border:1px solid transparent;font-weight:500}.button:hover{transform:translateY(-2px)}.primary{background:var(--orange);color:#16120f}.primary:hover{background:#ffb58f}.secondary{background:transparent;border-color:#454950;color:var(--text)}.secondary:hover{background:#ffffff08;border-color:#8c9299}.text-link{font-size:12px;color:#c6c7c8;border-bottom:1px solid #71747c;padding-bottom:3px}.text-link:hover{color:var(--orange)}.chip-art{position:relative;align-self:stretch;min-width:0;margin:-45px -15px 0 -35px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.chip-svg{width:100%;max-height:500px;overflow:visible}.chip-top{animation:hover-top 7s ease-in-out infinite}.chip-middle{animation:hover-middle 7s ease-in-out infinite}.fall{animation:fall 3.8s linear infinite}.f2{animation-delay:-1.7s}.f3{animation-delay:-.7s}.f4{animation-delay:-2.9s}.art-caption{line-height:1.6;justify-content:center;text-align:center;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.3px;color:#b8c2ca;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:12px;left:12px;display:flex;gap:9px;align-items:center}.live-dot{height:4px;width:4px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--orange);flex-shrink:0}.hero-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--line);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;padding:23px 0;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.5px;color:#aeb6bf;gap:20px}.hero-footer a{color:var(--text)}.hero-footer a span{color:var(--orange);padding-left:20px}.hero-footer>.mono{color:var(--orange)}

/* The landing-page artwork and layout above are retained. */
.footer{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:27px var(--page);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}.footer .brand{font-size:19px}.footer>span{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:8px;color:var(--muted)}.footer>a:last-child{font-size:11px;color:#c3c5c8}.footer>a:hover{color:var(--orange)}
@keyframes hover-top{0%,100%{transform:translateY(0)}50%{transform:translateY(-9px)}}@keyframes hover-middle{0%,100%{transform:translateY(0)}50%{transform:translateY(-4px)}}@keyframes fall{0%{transform:translateY(-65px);opacity:0}15%{opacity:1}85%{opacity:1}100%{transform:translateY(100px);opacity:0}}
@media(min-width:1700px){.hero,.header{padding-left:max(var(--page),calc((100vw - 1540px)/2));padding-right:max(var(--page),calc((100vw - 1540px)/2))}.hero h1{font-size:300px}.hero-bottom{min-height:440px}.chip-art{margin-top:-80px}.hero-copy{padding-top:40px}.hero{padding-top:35px}}
@media(max-width:1100px){.header nav{gap:20px}.hero h1{margin-top:36px}.hero-bottom{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;min-height:360px}.hero-copy .eyebrow{font-size:13px}.hero-actions{gap:18px}.hero-actions .button{padding:14px 17px;gap:22px}.chip-art{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-25px}.art-caption{font-size:10px;right:10px;left:10px;bottom:12px}.hero-footer>span:nth-child(2){font-size:10px}}
@media(max-width:760px){:root{--page:24px}.header{height:70px}.header nav{display:none}.brand{font-size:18px}.brand svg{width:19px;height:25px}.nav-paper{padding:8px 12px;font-size:11px;gap:18px}.hero{padding-top:25px}.hero-topline{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.6px}.hero-topline b{margin:0 4px}.hero h1{font-size:19vw;letter-spacing:-.08em;margin:30px 0 0}.hero-bottom{grid-template-columns:1fr;position:relative;margin-top:0;min-height:0}.hero-copy{padding-top:26px;padding-bottom:10px}.hero-copy .eyebrow{font-size:12px;margin-bottom:16px}.hero h2{font-size:35px}.hero-copy>p:not(.eyebrow){max-width:410px;font-size:16px;margin-top:17px}.hero-actions{margin-top:23px;gap:25px}.hero-actions .button{font-size:12px}.chip-art{height:320px;margin:0 -12px -20px;align-self:auto}.chip-svg{height:100%;width:auto;max-width:100%}.art-caption{font-size:10px;bottom:-15px;right:5px;left:5px}.hero-footer{font-size:10px;padding:23px 0 20px;margin-top:25px}.hero-footer>span:nth-child(2){display:none}.hero-footer a span{padding-left:9px}.footer>.brand{font-size:18px}}
@media(max-width:390px){:root{--page:18px}.hero h2{font-size:31px}.hero-topline{font-size:9px}.hero-actions{gap:18px}.hero-actions .text-link{font-size:10px}}
/* A quiet, single-column research page follows the cinematic landing. */
.research-content {
  max-width: 870px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 38px 32px 88px;
  font-size: 18px;
  line-height: 1.85;
  color: #d0d3d8;
}
.research-content a { color: var(--orange); text-underline-offset: 4px; }
.research-content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.research-content section { margin-top: 48px; scroll-margin-top: 0px; }
.research-content h2 {
  font-size: 31px;
  line-height: 1.3;
  letter-spacing: -.7px;
  font-weight: 550;
  color: var(--text);
  margin: 0 0 19px;
}
.research-content h3 {
  font-size: 21px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  letter-spacing: -.3px;
  font-weight: 550;
  color: var(--text);
  margin: 29px 0 10px;
}
.research-content p { margin: 0 0 22px; }
.research-content strong { color: #e1e2e3; font-weight: 600; }
.research-content code { font-size: .84em; color: #d4d8dc; }
.article-tools { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 20px; }
.article-tools p { display: flex; gap: 24px; font-size: 15px; }
.research-content button {
  background: transparent;
  border: 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #665449;
  color: var(--orange);
  padding: 0 0 2px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.6;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.research-content button:hover { border-color: var(--orange); }
.table-scroll { overflow-x: auto; margin: 24px 0; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: left; font-size: 16px; white-space: nowrap; }
th, td { padding: 11px 24px 11px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line); }
th { font-weight: 500; color: var(--text); }
caption { caption-side: bottom; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; }
.author-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 12px; padding: 0; }
.author-list li { margin: 3px 0; color: var(--text); }
.author-list span { color: #b7bec6; }
.author-list sup { color: var(--orange); }
.research-content .article-note { color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; }
.link-separator { margin: 0 10px; color: #626973; }
.research-content pre {
  white-space: pre-wrap;
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 1.8;
  margin: 20px 0 14px;
  padding: 0 0 0 18px;
  border-left: 1px solid #4b413a;
  color: #adb4bc;
}
.citation-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 18px; }
#copy-status { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); }
.motion-paused *, .motion-paused *::before, .motion-paused *::after { animation-play-state: paused !important; }
/* Small editorial details keep the article lively without adding more views. */
.hero-copy .publication { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; margin: 25px 0 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.7; color: #bfc7cf; }
.publication > span { align-self: flex-start; padding: 4px 11px; border: 1px solid #9c6c4c; border-radius: 3px; background: #f5a0780a; color: var(--orange); font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: .4px; }
.chip-svg { transform: perspective(900px) rotateX(var(--chip-tilt-x, 0deg)) rotateY(var(--chip-tilt-y, 0deg)); transition: transform .4s ease-out; }
.chip-top { animation: chip-breathe-top 7s ease-in-out infinite; }
.chip-middle { animation: chip-breathe-middle 7s ease-in-out infinite; }
.signal-track { stroke: #f5a078; stroke-width: .7; opacity: .2; }
.signal-packet { stroke: #ffb58b; stroke-width: 2; filter: url(#packet-glow); stroke-dasharray: 3 97; animation: signal-transfer 4.5s linear infinite; }
.packet-two { animation-delay: -1.5s; animation-duration: 5.5s; }
.packet-three { animation-delay: -3.1s; animation-duration: 4s; }
.leak-ring { transform-box: fill-box; transform-origin: center; animation: leak-pulse 4s ease-out infinite; opacity: 0; }
.ring-two { animation-delay: -1.6s; }
.ring-three { animation-delay: -3.1s; }
.data-stream .fall { filter: url(#packet-glow); }
@keyframes signal-transfer { from { stroke-dashoffset: 100; } to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; } }
@keyframes leak-pulse { 0% { transform: scale(.65); opacity: 0; } 15% { opacity: .6; } 100% { transform: scale(1.9); opacity: 0; } }
@keyframes chip-breathe-top { 0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); } 50% { transform: translateY(-13px); } }
@keyframes chip-breathe-middle { 0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); } 50% { transform: translateY(-6px); } }
.brand .brand-cpu { width: 35px; height: 40px; flex-shrink: 0; stroke: none; }
.logo-bit { animation: logo-leak 2.8s ease-in infinite; transform-box: fill-box; transform-origin: center; }
.logo-bit-two { animation-delay: -.9s; }
.logo-bit-three { animation-delay: -1.8s; }
.brand:hover .logo-bit { animation-duration: 1.6s; }
@keyframes logo-leak { 0% { transform: translateY(-3px); opacity: 0; } 20% { opacity: 1; } 80% { opacity: .7; } 100% { transform: translateY(7px); opacity: 0; } }
.hero .hero-actions { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; }
.hero .hero-actions .button { padding: 15px 19px; gap: 24px; font-size: 15px; border-radius: 3px; }
.hero-resource { background: #151b21; border-color: #71533f; color: var(--text); }
.hero-resource:hover { background: #241e1a; border-color: var(--orange); }
.article-tools { justify-content: flex-end; }
html { scroll-padding-top: var(--header-offset, 110px); }
.faq-item { border-bottom: 1px solid #30373f; }
.faq-item:first-of-type { border-top: 1px solid #30373f; }
.faq-item > summary { list-style: none; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: baseline; gap: 20px; padding: 20px 0; color: var(--text); font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6; cursor: pointer; }
.faq-item > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.faq-item > summary:hover { color: var(--orange); }
.faq-item > summary > span { color: var(--orange); font-size: 23px; line-height: 1; transition: transform .2s; }
.faq-item[open] > summary > span { transform: rotate(45deg); }
.faq-answer { padding: 0 26px 3px 0; }
.article-tools .citation-trigger { border: 1px solid #6f5443; border-radius: 3px; padding: 3px 11px; margin-top: -3px; text-decoration: none; }
.citation-trigger:hover { background: #f5a0780a; }
#citation-dialog { width: min(760px, calc(100% - 36px)); max-height: calc(100dvh - 48px); padding: 0; background: #11171e; border: 1px solid #6b5140; border-radius: 7px; color: var(--text); box-shadow: 0 24px 100px #0009; }
#citation-dialog::backdrop { background: #05080ccc; backdrop-filter: blur(5px); }
.citation-dialog-content { padding: 32px; }
.citation-dialog-content form { float: right; margin: -13px -10px 0 12px; }
.dialog-close { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #bfc6ce; padding: 7px 12px; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; }
.dialog-close:hover { color: var(--orange); }
#citation-dialog h2 { font-size: 29px; letter-spacing: -.7px; }
#citation-dialog p { margin: 13px 0 22px; color: #b8c0c9; font-size: 15px; }
#dialog-citation-text { white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; color: #d1d7dd; padding: 19px; background: #0a1016; border: 1px solid #2d3742; }
#dialog-copy-button { color: #16120f; background: var(--orange); border: 0; border-radius: 3px; padding: 11px 18px; font-size: 15px; }
#dialog-copy-button:hover { background: #ffb58f; }
#dialog-copy-status { display: block; color: var(--orange); font-size: 13px; margin-top: 12px; }
.header nav { gap: 22px; }
@media (max-width: 1100px) { .header nav { gap: 16px; font-size: 12px; } }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .header { height: auto; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 10px; }
  .header nav { display: flex; order: 3; flex-basis: 100%; overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap; gap: 23px; padding: 0 1px 9px; font-size: 13px; scrollbar-width: thin; scrollbar-color: #655044 transparent; }
  .header nav a { flex-shrink: 0; }
  .header nav a::after { bottom: -4px; }
}
.research-content { counter-reset: chapter; }
.research-content > section { padding-top: 28px; border-top: 1px solid #252b32; }
.research-content > section > h2 { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 15px; }
.research-content > section > h2::before {
  counter-increment: chapter;
  content: counter(chapter, decimal-leading-zero);
  font-family: var(--mono);
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: 400;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  color: var(--orange);
}
#overview > p:first-of-type { font-size: 20px; color: #e0e2e5; line-height: 1.8; }
.chapter-arrived > h2 { animation: chapter-arrival .55s ease-out both; }
@keyframes chapter-arrival { from { transform: translateY(7px); } to { transform: translateY(0); } }
.collision-example {
  margin: 32px 0 8px;
  padding: 27px 29px 20px;
  border: 1px solid #514034;
  background: radial-gradient(ellipse at 90% 0%, #f5a0780b, transparent 70%), #10151a;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.collision-paths { display: grid; gap: 15px; }
.address-path { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 40px 112px; align-items: center; gap: 15px; }
.address-kind { display: block; color: #bdc4cc; font-size: 14px; }
.address-path > div:first-child > code { display: block; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 1px; color: var(--text); }
.hash-arrow { font-size: 24px; color: #8c7463; text-align: center; }
.tag-value { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px; border: 1px solid #7a5840; background: #f5a0780b; padding: 7px 10px; }
.tag-value > span { font-size: 12px; color: #c7b29e; }
.tag-value > code { font-size: 16px; color: var(--orange); }
.collision-result { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: baseline; border-top: 1px solid #3e342c; margin-top: 22px; padding-top: 18px; }
.collision-indicator { width: 6px; height: 6px; flex-shrink: 0; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--orange); box-shadow: 0 0 12px #f5a07833; }
.research-content .collision-result p { margin: 0; color: #e3d3c8; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.65; }
.collision-result p > span { display: block; color: #b5bdc6; font-size: 15px; margin-top: 3px; }
.research-content #collision-toggle { margin-top: 16px; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; }
#collision-toggle > span { display: inline-block; margin-left: 9px; transition: transform .2s; }
#collision-toggle:hover > span { transform: translate(2px, -2px); }
.collision-example figcaption { margin-top: 17px; color: var(--muted); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6; }
.hash-details { margin-top: 18px; border-top: 1px solid #3e342c; padding-top: 15px; }
.hash-details > summary { color: var(--orange); cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; }
.hash-details > p { font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.8; margin-top: 16px; }
.hash-details table { font-size: 14px; }
.hash-details th { font-weight: 400; }
.hash-details .table-scroll { margin: 14px 0; }
.hash-details .hash-total { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 13px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; color: #e3d3c8; }
@media (max-width: 420px) {
  .collision-example .address-path { grid-template-columns: 22px 1fr; }
  .collision-example .address-path > div:first-child { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .collision-example .address-path > div:first-child > code { font-size: 15px; }
  .collision-example .tag-value { justify-content: flex-start; gap: 14px; }
}
.no-collision .virtual-path .tag-value { background: #a3b4c509; border-color: #4e5f70; }
.no-collision .virtual-path .tag-value > code { color: #b9c8d8; }
.no-collision .collision-indicator { background: #a3b4c5; box-shadow: none; }
.exploit-case { padding-left: 25px; border-left: 1px solid #494036; margin-top: 30px; }
.exploit-case > h3 { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 13px; margin-top: 0; }
.exploit-icon { flex: 0 0 22px; display: flex; align-items: center; color: var(--orange); }
.exploit-icon svg { width: 22px; height: 22px; fill: none; stroke: currentColor; stroke-width: 1.3; stroke-linejoin: round; stroke-linecap: round; }

tbody tr { transition: background .2s; }
tbody tr:hover { background: #f5a07806; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .brand .brand-cpu { width: 30px; height: 35px; }
  .hero .hero-actions .button { padding: 13px 16px; gap: 16px; font-size: 14px; }
  .faq-item > summary { font-size: 18px; padding: 17px 0; }
  .citation-dialog-content { padding: 23px; }
  #dialog-citation-text { font-size: 12px; padding: 13px; }
  .research-content { padding: 27px 24px 60px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.85; }
  .research-content section { margin-top: 37px; scroll-margin-top: 0px; }
  .research-content h2 { font-size: 28px; margin-bottom: 16px; }
  .research-content h3 { font-size: 20px; margin-top: 25px; }
  .article-tools p { gap: 17px; font-size: 14px; }
  .research-content button { font-size: 11px; }
  table { font-size: 14px; }
  caption { white-space: normal; }
  .research-content pre { font-size: 12px; padding-left: 13px; }
  .research-content > section { padding-top: 23px; }
  .research-content > section > h2 { gap: 12px; }
  #overview > p:first-of-type { font-size: 18px; }
  .collision-example { padding: 20px 17px 17px; margin-top: 26px; }
  .address-path { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 18px 93px; gap: 8px; }
  .address-kind { font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; }
  .address-path > div:first-child > code { font-size: 15px; }
  .tag-value { padding: 7px; gap: 5px; }
  .tag-value > code { font-size: 14px; }
  .tag-value > span { font-size: 11px; }
  .hash-arrow { font-size: 19px; }
  .research-content .collision-result p { font-size: 16px; }
  .collision-result p > span { font-size: 14px; }
  .exploit-case { padding-left: 16px; }
  .exploit-case > h3 { align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; }
  .exploit-icon { margin-top: 5px; flex-basis: 19px; }
  .exploit-icon svg { width: 19px; height: 19px; }
  .footer { flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 20px; }
  .footer > .brand { font-size: 18px; }
  .footer > span { display: none; }
  .footer > a:last-child { font-size: 10px; }
}
@media (max-width: 390px) { .research-content { padding-left: 18px; padding-right: 18px; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html { scroll-behavior: auto; }
  *, *::before, *::after { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; }
  .fall { opacity: 1; }
  .chip-svg { transform: none; }
  .signal-packet { stroke-dashoffset: 30; }
  .leak-ring { opacity: .2; }
}
@media print {
  #citation-dialog { display: none; }
  .faq-item > .faq-answer { display: block !important; content-visibility: visible; }
  :root { color-scheme: light; --text: #111; --muted: #555; --orange: #9d401b; --line: #bbb; }
  body { background: white; color: #111; }
  .header, .reading-progress, .hero-grid, .chip-art, .hero-footer, .hero-actions, .article-tools, .citation-actions, .footer { display: none; }
  .hero { padding: 0; }
  .hero h1 { font-size: 70px; }
  .hero-bottom { display: block; }
  .hero-copy { padding: 20px 0; }
  .hero h2 { font-size: 24px; }
  .hero-copy > p:not(.eyebrow) { color: #444; }
  .research-content { padding: 0; color: #222; max-width: none; font-size: 11pt; }
  .research-content section { margin-top: 24px; }
  .research-content h2 { font-size: 18pt; break-after: avoid; }
  .research-content h3 { font-size: 13pt; break-after: avoid; }
  .research-content strong, .author-list li { color: #111; }
  .research-content code, .research-content pre { color: #333; }
  .collision-example { background: white; border-color: #aaa; break-inside: avoid; }
  .collision-example #collision-toggle { display: none; }
  .collision-example .tag-value { background: white; }
  .collision-example .address-kind, .collision-example .collision-result p, .collision-example .collision-result p > span, .collision-example .tag-value > span { color: #444; }
}

/* The research title is a heading, distinct from small editorial labels. */
.chip-art { flex-direction: column; }
.chip-svg { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; flex-shrink: 0; }
.art-caption { position: static; inset: auto; width: 100%; max-width: 540px; margin: 18px auto 10px; padding: 0 12px; flex-shrink: 0; }
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .chip-art { height: auto; margin: 12px -12px 0; }
  .chip-svg { width: 100%; height: auto; max-height: 340px; }
  .art-caption { margin: 16px auto 12px; padding: 0 14px; }
}
.hero .paper-title {
  font-size: clamp(24px, 2.25vw, 35px);
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: -.65px;
  font-weight: 550;
  color: var(--orange);
  max-width: 470px;
  margin: 0 0 22px;
  text-wrap: balance;
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .hero .paper-title { font-size: 25px; max-width: 410px; margin-bottom: 18px; }
}
@media (max-width: 390px) {
  .hero .paper-title { font-size: 23px; }
}

/* Let citation lines fill their container and wrap only at its edge. */
#citation-text, #dialog-citation-text {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  min-width: 0;
  max-width: none;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}

/* Citation panels and color-theme controls. */
:root {
  --citation-bg: #111b25;
  --citation-border: #405060;
  --citation-ink: #dde7ef;
}
#citation-text, #dialog-citation-text {
  padding: 22px;
  border: 1px solid var(--citation-border);
  border-radius: 5px;
  background: var(--citation-bg);
  color: var(--citation-ink);
  box-shadow: inset 3px 0 var(--orange);
}
.header-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex-shrink: 0; }
.theme-toggle {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  width: 40px;
  height: 40px;
  padding: 8px;
  border: 1px solid #59616a;
  border-radius: 4px;
  background: var(--surface);
  color: var(--orange);
}
.theme-toggle:hover { border-color: var(--orange); }
.theme-toggle svg { width: 21px; height: 21px; fill: none; stroke: currentColor; stroke-width: 1.6; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }
.theme-toggle .theme-moon { display: none; }
[data-theme="light"] .theme-toggle .theme-sun { display: none; }
[data-theme="light"] .theme-toggle .theme-moon { display: block; }
.brand-cpu > g[stroke] { stroke: var(--orange); }
.brand-cpu > g[fill] { fill: var(--orange); }
@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .header-actions { margin-left: auto; order: 2; gap: 10px; }
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  #citation-text, #dialog-citation-text { padding: 17px; }
  .header-actions { gap: 8px; }
  .header-actions .nav-paper { gap: 10px; padding: 8px 9px; }
}
@media screen {
  :root[data-theme="light"] {
    color-scheme: light;
    --bg: #f8f7f4;
    --surface: #ffffff;
    --surface2: #eef0f2;
    --text: #1c2733;
    --muted: #566472;
    --line: #d3d8dd;
    --orange: #9b431c;
    --orange-hot: #ad4e22;
    --citation-bg: #edf1f5;
    --citation-border: #b5c0cb;
    --citation-ink: #26394b;
  }
  [data-theme="light"] .header { background: #f8f7f4ed; border-bottom-color: var(--line); }
  [data-theme="light"] .header nav { color: #465563; }
  [data-theme="light"] .nav-paper, [data-theme="light"] .theme-toggle { border-color: #9aa5ae; }
  [data-theme="light"] .hero-copy > p:not(.eyebrow) { color: #455565; }
  [data-theme="light"] .hero-topline,
  [data-theme="light"] .hero-footer,
  [data-theme="light"] .art-caption,
  [data-theme="light"] .author-list span { color: var(--muted); }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-callout-labels { fill: #526170; }
  [data-theme="light"] .primary { color: #fffaf6; }
  [data-theme="light"] .primary:hover { background: #7e3517; }
  [data-theme="light"] .hero-resource { background: #fff; border-color: #b9a08d; }
  [data-theme="light"] .hero-resource:hover { background: #f0e6dc; border-color: var(--orange); }
  [data-theme="light"] .publication > span { background: #f4e8de; border-color: #b58c6d; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content { color: #354453; }
  [data-theme="light"] #overview > p:first-of-type { color: #263644; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content strong { color: #1c2733; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content code { color: #2c4152; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content > section { border-top-color: var(--line); }
  [data-theme="light"] .exploit-case { border-left-color: #c6b3a4; }
  [data-theme="light"] .collision-example { background: radial-gradient(ellipse at 90% 0%, #e7c19d30, transparent 70%), #fff; border-color: #bda38e; }
  [data-theme="light"] .address-kind { color: #4d5f6f; }
  [data-theme="light"] .tag-value { border-color: #bc977b; background: #f8ece2; }
  [data-theme="light"] .tag-value > span { color: #73503a; }
  [data-theme="light"] .tag-value > code { color: var(--orange); }
  [data-theme="light"] .collision-result,
  [data-theme="light"] .hash-details { border-top-color: #d7c4b4; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content .collision-result p,
  [data-theme="light"] .hash-details .hash-total { color: #34322d; }
  [data-theme="light"] .collision-result p > span { color: #526170; }
  [data-theme="light"] .no-collision .virtual-path .tag-value { background: #eef3f7; border-color: #8ba1b4; }
  [data-theme="light"] .no-collision .virtual-path .tag-value > code { color: #315d79; }
  [data-theme="light"] .faq-item,
  [data-theme="light"] .faq-item:first-of-type { border-color: var(--line); }
  [data-theme="light"] .citation-trigger:hover { background: #9b431c0b; }
  [data-theme="light"] #citation-dialog { background: #faf9f6; border-color: #b3a090; box-shadow: 0 24px 100px #15223026; }
  [data-theme="light"] #citation-dialog::backdrop { background: #15223070; }
  [data-theme="light"] #citation-dialog p,
  [data-theme="light"] .dialog-close { color: #4d5d6b; }
  [data-theme="light"] #dialog-copy-button { color: #fffaf6; }
  [data-theme="light"] #dialog-copy-button:hover { background: #7e3517; }
  [data-theme="light"] .footer > a:last-child { color: #405360; }
}
@media print {
  #citation-text, #dialog-citation-text { background: white; color: #222; border-color: #999; box-shadow: none; }
}

/* Silver processor layers and copper leakage for the light canvas. */
@media screen {
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-gradient-start { stop-color: #f3f6f9; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-gradient-end { stop-color: #d4dde6; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-board { fill: #dde5ed; stroke: #7f94a6; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-board-edge { fill: #c0ccd8; stroke: #8b9dad; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-base-core { fill: #cbd7e3; stroke: #71899e; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-layer { stroke: #8295a6; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-middle-edge { fill: #c3cfdc; stroke: #8799aa; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-top-edge { fill: #cbd6e0; stroke: #899bab; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-perimeter { stroke: #99a9b8; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-protected-core { fill: #eff3f7; stroke: #71889a; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-protected-label { fill: #3c5266; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-cache-core { fill: #e2d1c1; stroke: #9b431c; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-cache-inner { fill: #f2e5d8; stroke: #a75b35; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-circuit-wire { stroke: #8a9cac; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-circuit-via { fill: #6c8397; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-supports { stroke: #7d91a4; opacity: .5; }
  [data-theme="light"] .chip-callouts { stroke: #657b8d; }
  [data-theme="light"] .signal-track { stroke: #9b431c; opacity: .35; }
  [data-theme="light"] .signal-packet { stroke: #b64d20; filter: none; }
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-rings { stroke: #a14820; }
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-gradient-start,
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-gradient-end { stop-color: #b94e1e; }
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-beam { stroke: #b94e1e; }
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-dashes { stroke: #a14820; opacity: .5; }
  [data-theme="light"] .leak-bits { fill: #a94318; }
  [data-theme="light"] .data-stream .fall { filter: none; }
}

/* Make the cross-domain collision explicit before the worked addresses. */
.research-content .collision-context { color: var(--muted); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 24px; }
.collision-context > strong { display: block; margin-top: 4px; font-size: 19px; color: var(--text); }
.address-kind { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }
.research-content .address-domain { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 13px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .5px; padding: 1px 7px; border: 1px solid; border-radius: 3px; }
.research-content .domain-physical { color: var(--orange); border-color: #9c6c4c; background: #f5a0780b; }
.research-content .domain-virtual { color: #b4c9df; border-color: #5c748c; background: #a3b4c509; }
@media screen {
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content .domain-virtual { color: #31556e; border-color: #8fa6b9; background: #e8eff5; }
  [data-theme="light"] .research-content .domain-physical { background: #f6e8dc; }
}

/* Readable navigation with a second header row before links get cramped. */
.header nav { font-size: 17px; gap: 24px; }
.header nav a { line-height: 1.6; padding: 4px 0; }
.header .nav-paper { font-size: 14px; }
.paper-short { display: none; }
@media (max-width: 1100px) {
  .header { height: auto; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 14px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 10px; }
  .header-actions { margin-left: auto; order: 2; }
  .header nav { display: flex; order: 3; flex-basis: 100%; overflow-x: auto; white-space: nowrap; gap: 25px; padding: 0 1px 9px; font-size: 16px; scrollbar-width: thin; scrollbar-color: #655044 transparent; }
  .header nav a { flex-shrink: 0; }
  .header nav a::after { bottom: -4px; }
}
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .header nav { font-size: 16px; gap: 23px; }
  .paper-long { display: none; }
  .paper-short { display: inline; }
  .header-actions .nav-paper { font-size: 14px; }
  .collision-context > strong { font-size: 18px; }
}